The Power of Content Marketing for E-Commerce Growth
Content marketing has become a cornerstone for businesses looking to grow their online presence and drive e-commerce success. In an increasingly competitive digital landscape, creating valuable, relevant, and consistent content can set your e-commerce business apart from the rest. By engaging your audience through various content formats, you can build brand awareness, foster customer loyalty, and ultimately, boost your sales.
The purpose of this guide is to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of how to leverage content marketing to grow your e-commerce business. Whether you’re just starting out or looking to enhance your current strategies, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to create effective content that resonates with your audience.
In this guide, you will learn:
- The basics of content marketing and its benefits for e-commerce
- How to create compelling blog content that attracts and retains customers
- The importance of video marketing and tips for producing engaging videos
- Steps to start and promote a podcast to enhance your brand’s reach
- Effective content distribution strategies to maximize your content’s impact
- How to measure the success of your content marketing efforts
- Solutions to common challenges faced in content marketing
By the end of this guide, you’ll have a solid foundation to build and execute a content marketing strategy that drives growth and success for your e-commerce business.
1. Understanding Content Marketing
Content marketing is a strategic approach focused on creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content to attract and retain a clearly defined audience. Instead of directly promoting your products or services, content marketing aims to provide useful information that addresses the needs and interests of your target audience. This not only helps in building trust and authority but also encourages customer loyalty and drives profitable customer actions.
Benefits of Content Marketing for E-Commerce Businesses
Increased Brand Awareness
Content marketing is a powerful tool for increasing brand awareness. By consistently publishing high-quality content, you can position your brand as an industry leader and go-to resource. When potential customers search for information related to your products or services, your content can appear in search results, social media feeds, and other channels, making your brand more visible and recognizable.
Improved Customer Engagement
Engaging content can foster a deeper connection with your audience. Whether it’s through blog posts, videos, or podcasts, providing valuable content encourages your audience to interact with your brand. This engagement can take many forms, such as comments, shares, and likes on social media, or direct responses to your content. The more engaged your audience is, the more likely they are to develop a positive perception of your brand and become loyal customers.
Higher Conversion Rates
Effective content marketing can lead to higher conversion rates. When your audience finds your content helpful and informative, they are more likely to trust your brand and consider purchasing your products or services. Content marketing helps guide potential customers through the buyer’s journey, from awareness to consideration to decision. By addressing their pain points and providing solutions through your content, you can effectively convert leads into paying customers.
In summary, content marketing is a vital strategy for e-commerce businesses looking to grow their online presence, engage their audience, and increase conversions. By understanding and leveraging the benefits of content marketing, you can create a strong foundation for long-term success.
2. Blogging for E-Commerce
Blogging is a cornerstone of content marketing, offering a versatile platform to share valuable information, engage your audience, and drive traffic to your e-commerce site. Here’s why blogging is essential for your e-commerce business and how you can create effective blog content.
Importance of Blogging
Blogging serves multiple purposes for e-commerce businesses:
- Increases Website Traffic: Regularly updated blogs provide fresh content for search engines to index, helping improve your site’s visibility and attract more visitors.
- Builds Brand Authority: By sharing expert insights and valuable information, you establish your brand as a trusted authority in your industry.
- Engages Your Audience: Blogs offer a platform to connect with your audience, answer their questions, and address their pain points, fostering a deeper relationship.
- Boosts SEO Efforts: Well-optimized blog posts can help improve your search engine rankings, making it easier for potential customers to find your products.
How to Create Effective Blog Content
Identifying Target Audience
Before you start writing, it’s crucial to understand who you’re writing for. Identify your target audience by considering factors such as demographics, interests, and pain points. Knowing your audience helps you tailor your content to meet their needs and preferences, making it more relevant and engaging.
Conducting Keyword Research
Keyword research is the foundation of effective blogging. Use tools like Google Keyword Planner, SEMrush, or Ahrefs to identify relevant keywords and phrases that your target audience is searching for. Incorporate these keywords naturally into your blog posts to improve your chances of ranking higher in search engine results.
Crafting Compelling Headlines
Your blog’s headline is the first thing readers see, and it plays a significant role in attracting their attention. Craft headlines that are clear, concise, and compelling. Use power words, numbers, and questions to make your headlines more engaging and click-worthy.
Examples of Successful E-Commerce Blogs
Looking at successful e-commerce blogs can provide inspiration and insights. For instance:
- Glossier’s Blog: Focuses on beauty tips, tutorials, and customer stories, aligning with their target audience’s interests.
- REI Co-op Journal: Offers outdoor adventure stories, gear guides, and expert advice, catering to their audience of outdoor enthusiasts.
- Bonobos Blog: Shares style guides, fashion tips, and customer features, resonating with their fashion-forward audience.
SEO Best Practices for Blogging
To maximize the impact of your blog posts, follow these SEO best practices:
- Optimize Meta Tags: Ensure your title tags, meta descriptions, and header tags include relevant keywords and accurately describe your content.
- Use Internal and External Links: Include links to other relevant content on your site (internal links) and authoritative external sources (external links) to enhance your blog’s credibility and SEO.
- Format for Readability: Use short paragraphs, bullet points, subheadings, and images to make your content easy to read and visually appealing.
- Incorporate Multimedia: Adding images, videos, and infographics can make your blog posts more engaging and shareable.
- Promote on Social Media: Share your blog posts on social media platforms to reach a broader audience and drive more traffic to your site.
By following these strategies, you can create compelling and effective blog content that attracts, engages, and converts your target audience, driving growth for your e-commerce business.
3. Video Marketing
Video marketing has become an indispensable tool for e-commerce businesses. With the rise of platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok, video content has the potential to reach a vast audience, engage viewers, and drive conversions. Here’s why video marketing is crucial for your e-commerce business and how to create videos that resonate with your audience.
Why Video Marketing is Crucial for E-Commerce
Enhanced Engagement: Videos capture attention more effectively than text or images. They can tell a story, showcase products in action, and create an emotional connection with your audience.
Increased Conversions: Videos can significantly boost conversion rates. Product videos, for instance, help customers better understand the features and benefits of your products, leading to more informed purchasing decisions.
Better SEO Performance: Search engines favor video content. By optimizing your videos for SEO, you can improve your search engine rankings and drive more organic traffic to your e-commerce site.
Higher Social Media Reach: Videos are highly shareable on social media platforms. Engaging video content can go viral, expanding your brand’s reach and attracting new customers.
Types of Videos that Drive Engagement
Product Demonstrations Product demonstration videos show your products in action, highlighting their features, benefits, and use cases. These videos help customers visualize how your products can meet their needs and solve their problems.
Customer Testimonials Customer testimonial videos feature satisfied customers sharing their positive experiences with your products. These videos build trust and credibility, encouraging potential customers to make a purchase based on real-life endorsements.
Behind-the-Scenes Content Behind-the-scenes videos give your audience a glimpse into your company’s operations, culture, and values. They humanize your brand and create a sense of authenticity and transparency, fostering a deeper connection with your audience.
Tips for Creating High-Quality Video Content
Scripting and Storyboarding Before you start filming, plan your video content by scripting and storyboarding. A well-structured script ensures that your message is clear and concise, while a storyboard helps visualize the scenes and flow of the video.
Using the Right Equipment Invest in quality equipment to produce professional-looking videos. A good camera, microphone, and lighting setup can make a significant difference in the overall production value. However, you don’t always need expensive gear; many smartphones today are capable of shooting high-quality videos.
Editing and Post-Production Editing is a crucial step in creating polished video content. Use editing software to trim unnecessary footage, add transitions, overlay text and graphics, and incorporate background music. Pay attention to pacing, ensuring that your video is engaging and easy to follow.
Platforms for Video Distribution
YouTube YouTube is the second-largest search engine and a powerful platform for reaching a wide audience. Create a YouTube channel for your brand and regularly upload videos to engage with your subscribers.
Instagram and Facebook Both Instagram and Facebook offer various video formats, including stories, reels, and live videos. Use these platforms to share short, engaging videos that capture attention and encourage social interaction.
TikTok TikTok is a rapidly growing platform known for its short, viral videos. Create creative and entertaining content that aligns with TikTok trends to reach a younger audience and boost brand visibility.
Your E-Commerce Site Embed videos on your product pages, blog posts, and homepage to enhance the user experience and provide valuable information to your visitors. Videos on your site can increase dwell time and improve SEO.
By leveraging video marketing, you can create compelling content that engages your audience, builds trust, and drives conversions. With the right strategies and platforms, video marketing can be a powerful tool for growing your e-commerce business.
4. Podcasting for E-Commerce
Podcasting has emerged as a powerful medium for connecting with your audience on a deeper level. It allows you to share your brand’s story, provide valuable insights, and engage with listeners in a personal and authentic way. Here’s how podcasting can benefit your e-commerce business and how to get started.
Benefits of Podcasting for Brand Building
Enhanced Brand Authority: By sharing industry knowledge and expertise through your podcast, you position your brand as a thought leader in your niche. This helps build trust and credibility with your audience.
Deeper Audience Engagement: Podcasts create a more intimate connection with your listeners. The conversational format allows you to engage your audience in a way that written content cannot, fostering loyalty and community.
Increased Reach: Podcasts can be accessed from anywhere, anytime. They provide an opportunity to reach potential customers who prefer consuming content on the go, whether during their commute, workout, or downtime.
Content Repurposing: Podcast episodes can be repurposed into blog posts, social media content, and email newsletters. This maximizes the value of your content and ensures consistent engagement across multiple channels.
How to Start a Podcast
Choosing a Niche and Format
- Identify Your Niche: Choose a specific area of focus that aligns with your brand and interests your target audience. This could be industry trends, product reviews, or expert interviews.
- Select a Format: Decide on a format that suits your content and audience. Popular formats include solo shows, co-hosted shows, interviews, and panel discussions.
Planning and Recording Episodes
- Outline Your Episodes: Plan your content in advance. Create an outline for each episode, including key points and segments you want to cover. This ensures your episodes are structured and focused.
- Invest in Quality Equipment: Good audio quality is crucial for a successful podcast. Invest in a decent microphone, headphones, and recording software to produce professional-sounding episodes.
- Record in a Quiet Environment: Minimize background noise and interruptions by recording in a quiet, controlled environment. This improves the listening experience for your audience.
- Edit Your Episodes: Use editing software to polish your recordings. Remove any mistakes, add intro and outro music, and ensure smooth transitions between segments.
Promoting Your Podcast
Leveraging Social Media
- Create Teasers and Clips: Share short clips and teasers of your episodes on social media platforms to generate interest and drive traffic to your podcast.
- Engage with Your Audience: Encourage listeners to share their thoughts and feedback on social media. Respond to comments and messages to foster a sense of community and loyalty.
Collaborating with Influencers
- Invite Influencers as Guests: Featuring industry influencers on your podcast can attract their followers to your show, expanding your reach and credibility.
- Cross-Promote with Other Podcasts: Collaborate with other podcasters to cross-promote each other’s shows. This exposes your podcast to a new audience and drives growth.
Measuring Podcast Success
Track Key Metrics
- Download Numbers: Monitor the number of downloads per episode to gauge your podcast’s popularity and growth over time.
- Listener Engagement: Measure listener engagement through metrics like average listening duration, episode completion rate, and listener feedback.
- Social Media Activity: Track social media mentions, shares, and interactions related to your podcast to assess its impact and reach.
- Reviews and Ratings: Encourage listeners to leave reviews and ratings on podcast platforms. Positive feedback boosts your podcast’s visibility and credibility.
Use Analytics Tools
- Podcast Hosting Platforms: Most podcast hosting platforms provide analytics dashboards that offer insights into your podcast’s performance. Use these tools to track and analyze your key metrics.
- Third-Party Analytics: Consider using third-party analytics tools for more detailed insights into listener demographics, behavior, and trends.
By incorporating podcasting into your content marketing strategy, you can build a stronger connection with your audience, establish your brand as an industry leader, and drive engagement and conversions for your e-commerce business.
5. Content Distribution Strategies
Creating high-quality content is only half the battle; ensuring it reaches your target audience is equally crucial. Content distribution is the process of sharing, publishing, and promoting your content through various channels to maximize its reach and impact. Here’s why content distribution is vital and how you can effectively distribute your content to drive e-commerce growth.
Importance of Content Distribution
Maximizes Content Reach: Effective distribution ensures your content is seen by a broader audience, increasing brand awareness and attracting potential customers.
Enhances Engagement: Distributing content through multiple channels allows you to engage with your audience on their preferred platforms, fostering deeper connections and interactions.
Boosts SEO: Consistent content distribution, especially through backlinks from reputable sites, can improve your search engine rankings, driving more organic traffic to your e-commerce site.
Drives Conversions: By reaching the right audience with the right content, you can guide potential customers through the buyer’s journey, ultimately increasing conversions and sales.
Channels for Distributing Content
Social Media Platforms
- Facebook: Share blog posts, videos, and other content to engage with your followers and encourage shares and comments.
- Instagram: Use images, stories, reels, and IGTV to showcase your products and behind-the-scenes content.
- Twitter: Tweet links to your content, participate in industry conversations, and use hashtags to increase visibility.
- LinkedIn: Publish articles, share updates, and join industry groups to reach a professional audience.
- Pinterest: Create pins for your blog posts, products, and infographics to drive traffic back to your site.
Email Newsletters
- Build a Subscriber List: Collect email addresses through your website, social media, and promotions.
- Send Regular Updates: Share new blog posts, videos, product launches, and exclusive offers with your subscribers.
- Segment Your Audience: Tailor your email content to different segments of your audience based on their interests and behavior.
Paid Advertising
- Google Ads: Use search ads, display ads, and shopping ads to promote your content to a targeted audience.
- Social Media Ads: Leverage Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn ads to reach a broader audience and drive traffic to your content.
- Native Advertising: Place sponsored content on relevant websites and platforms to attract engaged readers.
Tips for Effective Content Distribution
Scheduling and Consistency
- Create a Content Calendar: Plan and schedule your content distribution in advance to ensure a consistent presence across all channels.
- Post Regularly: Maintain a regular posting schedule to keep your audience engaged and coming back for more.
- Analyze and Adjust: Use analytics to track the performance of your content distribution efforts and adjust your strategy based on what works best.
Engaging with Your Audience
- Respond to Comments and Messages: Engage with your audience by responding to their comments, messages, and feedback on social media and other platforms.
- Encourage User-Generated Content: Invite your audience to create and share their own content related to your brand, such as reviews, testimonials, and photos.
- Host Contests and Giveaways: Run contests and giveaways to boost engagement and encourage sharing of your content.
Repurposing Content
- Transform Blog Posts into Videos: Convert your written content into engaging video formats to reach a different audience.
- Create Infographics from Data: Visualize key data and insights from your content in infographics to make it more shareable.
- Turn Podcasts into Blog Posts: Transcribe your podcast episodes and publish them as blog posts to reach readers who prefer written content.
By effectively distributing your content through the right channels and engaging with your audience, you can maximize the reach and impact of your content marketing efforts, driving growth and success for your e-commerce business.
6. Measuring the Success of Your Content Marketing Efforts
Tracking the success of your content marketing efforts is essential to understand what works, what doesn’t, and how you can improve your strategies. By monitoring key metrics and using the right tools, you can make data-driven decisions to enhance your e-commerce growth. Here are the key metrics to track and the tools you can use to measure your performance.
Key Metrics to Track
Website Traffic
- Page Views: The total number of times your web pages are viewed. This metric gives you an idea of how much traffic your content is driving to your site.
- Unique Visitors: The number of distinct individuals visiting your site over a specific period. This helps you understand the reach of your content.
- Bounce Rate: The percentage of visitors who leave your site after viewing only one page. A high bounce rate might indicate that your content isn’t engaging enough or doesn’t meet visitors’ expectations.
Engagement Rates
- Time on Page: The average amount of time visitors spend on a specific page. Longer time on page indicates that visitors are finding your content valuable and engaging.
- Comments and Shares: The number of comments and shares your content receives on social media and your website. High engagement rates suggest that your audience is actively interacting with your content.
- Click-Through Rates (CTR): The percentage of people who click on a link within your content to visit another page. A high CTR indicates that your calls-to-action are effective.
Conversion Rates
- Lead Generation: The number of leads generated through your content, such as email sign-ups, downloads, or inquiries. Tracking lead generation helps you understand how well your content is driving potential customers to take action.
- Sales and Revenue: The amount of sales and revenue generated from your content marketing efforts. This is a direct indicator of your content’s effectiveness in driving conversions.
Customer Retention
- Repeat Visitors: The number of visitors who return to your site. High repeat visitor rates indicate that your content is valuable enough to keep people coming back.
- Customer Loyalty: Metrics like customer lifetime value (CLV) and repeat purchase rates help you understand how well your content contributes to long-term customer relationships.
Tools for Measuring Performance
Google Analytics Google Analytics is a powerful tool for tracking website traffic, user behavior, and conversions. It provides detailed insights into how visitors interact with your site, which pages are most popular, and where your traffic is coming from. Key features include:
- Audience Reports: Understand who your visitors are, including demographics, interests, and behavior.
- Acquisition Reports: See how visitors find your site, whether through search engines, social media, or direct traffic.
- Behavior Reports: Analyze how visitors interact with your content, including page views, time on page, and bounce rate.
- Conversion Tracking: Set up goals and track conversions to measure the effectiveness of your content in driving desired actions.
Social Media Analytics Most social media platforms offer built-in analytics tools to track engagement and performance. These tools help you measure likes, comments, shares, and reach. Key features include:
- Facebook Insights: Provides data on post performance, audience demographics, and engagement rates.
- Twitter Analytics: Tracks tweet impressions, engagement, and follower growth.
- Instagram Insights: Offers insights into post reach, engagement, and follower activity.
Content Management Systems (CMS) Many CMS platforms, such as WordPress and HubSpot, come with built-in analytics and reporting features. These tools help you monitor the performance of your blog posts, landing pages, and other content assets. Key features include:
- Traffic Reports: Track page views, unique visitors, and referral sources.
- SEO Analysis: Monitor keyword rankings, backlinks, and on-page SEO performance.
- Conversion Tracking: Measure form submissions, downloads, and other lead generation activities.
By consistently tracking these metrics and using these tools, you can gain valuable insights into your content marketing performance. This data allows you to refine your strategies, optimize your content, and ultimately drive more growth for your e-commerce business.
7. Common Challenges and How to Overcome Them
Content marketing can be highly effective for e-commerce growth, but it comes with its own set of challenges. Understanding these obstacles and learning how to overcome them can help you maintain a successful content strategy. Here are some common challenges and solutions.
Creating High-Quality Content Consistently
Challenge: Maintaining a steady stream of high-quality content can be daunting, especially as your business scales. It requires creativity, time, and resources.
Solutions:
- Develop a Content Calendar: Plan your content in advance with a detailed calendar. This helps you stay organized and ensures a consistent publishing schedule.
- Repurpose Existing Content: Maximize the value of your existing content by repurposing it into different formats, such as turning blog posts into videos or podcasts.
- Outsource Content Creation: If creating content in-house is challenging, consider hiring freelancers or agencies to help maintain quality and consistency.
Staying Updated with Trends and Algorithms
Challenge: The digital landscape is constantly evolving, with new trends, technologies, and algorithm changes affecting how content is consumed and ranked.
Solutions:
- Follow Industry News: Regularly read industry blogs, attend webinars, and participate in forums to stay informed about the latest trends and updates.
- Use Analytics Tools: Leverage analytics tools to monitor changes in traffic, engagement, and rankings. This helps you identify trends and adjust your strategy accordingly.
- Continuous Learning: Invest in ongoing education through courses, workshops, and certifications to keep your skills and knowledge up to date.
Managing Time and Resources
Challenge: Balancing content creation with other business operations can be difficult, especially for small e-commerce businesses with limited resources.
Solutions:
- Prioritize High-Impact Content: Focus on creating content that offers the most value to your audience and has the highest potential for engagement and conversions.
- Automate Tasks: Use automation tools for tasks like social media scheduling, email marketing, and content distribution to save time and improve efficiency.
- Delegate Responsibilities: Delegate content-related tasks to team members or external partners to ensure that your content strategy doesn’t fall behind.
Solutions and Best Practices
Challenge: Implementing and maintaining best practices in content marketing can be overwhelming, given the myriad of strategies and techniques available.
Solutions:
- Start with a Strategy: Develop a clear content marketing strategy that outlines your goals, target audience, key messages, and distribution channels.
- Set SMART Goals: Establish Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound goals to guide your content efforts and measure success.
- Measure and Adjust: Regularly review your content performance metrics and adjust your strategy based on the data. Continuous improvement is key to long-term success.
- Engage with Your Audience: Encourage feedback from your audience and engage with them on social media and other platforms. Understanding their needs and preferences helps you create more relevant and effective content.
By recognizing these common challenges and applying these solutions and best practices, you can overcome obstacles and maintain a robust content marketing strategy that drives growth for your e-commerce business.
FAQs
What is the best type of content for e-commerce?
The best type of content for e-commerce varies depending on your target audience and business goals. Generally, product descriptions, customer reviews, how-to guides, and blog posts are highly effective. Additionally, video content like product demonstrations and customer testimonials can drive significant engagement and conversions.
How often should I publish new content?
Consistency is key in content marketing. Aim to publish new content regularly, whether that’s weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly. The frequency depends on your resources and audience preferences. The most important factor is maintaining a consistent schedule to keep your audience engaged and coming back for more.
What are the most effective content distribution channels?
Effective content distribution channels include social media platforms (such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn), email newsletters, and your own e-commerce website. Additionally, leveraging paid advertising, guest blogging, and influencer partnerships can help amplify your reach and drive traffic to your content.
How can I measure the ROI of my content marketing efforts?
Measuring the ROI of your content marketing efforts involves tracking key performance indicators (KPIs) such as website traffic, engagement rates, conversion rates, and customer retention. Use tools like Google Analytics, social media analytics, and content management system (CMS) reports to gather data. Calculate ROI by comparing the cost of content creation and distribution against the revenue generated from your content marketing activities.
What are some common mistakes to avoid in content marketing?
Common mistakes in content marketing include:
- Lack of Strategy: Not having a clear content marketing strategy can lead to inconsistent and ineffective content.
- Ignoring SEO: Failing to optimize your content for search engines can limit your reach and visibility.
- Not Knowing Your Audience: Creating content without a clear understanding of your target audience can result in low engagement.
- Overlooking Quality: Prioritizing quantity over quality can harm your brand’s reputation and fail to attract meaningful engagement.
- Neglecting Analytics: Not tracking and analyzing your content performance can prevent you from understanding what works and what doesn’t, hindering your ability to improve your strategy.
By avoiding these common pitfalls and implementing best practices, you can enhance the effectiveness of your content marketing efforts and drive significant growth for your e-commerce business.
Conclusion
Content marketing is a powerful strategy for driving e-commerce growth. By creating and distributing valuable, relevant, and consistent content, you can increase brand awareness, engage your audience, and boost conversions. Here’s a quick recap of the key points we’ve covered:
- Understanding Content Marketing: It’s about providing value to your audience through various content formats to build trust and drive engagement.
- Blogging for E-Commerce: Effective blogging can drive traffic, build authority, and improve SEO. Focus on identifying your target audience, conducting keyword research, and crafting compelling headlines.
- Video Marketing: Videos capture attention and drive conversions. Use product demonstrations, customer testimonials, and behind-the-scenes content to engage your audience.
- Podcasting for E-Commerce: Podcasts enhance brand authority and deepen audience engagement. Plan your episodes, invest in quality equipment, and promote your podcast through social media and collaborations.
- Content Distribution Strategies: Effective distribution maximizes reach and engagement. Use social media, email newsletters, and paid advertising to share your content widely.
- Measuring Success: Track key metrics like website traffic, engagement rates, and conversion rates using tools like Google Analytics and social media analytics.
- Overcoming Challenges: Consistently create high-quality content, stay updated with trends, manage your time and resources efficiently, and engage with your audience to maintain a successful content strategy.
Now that you have a comprehensive understanding of content marketing, it’s time to start implementing these strategies. Begin by creating a content calendar, identifying your target audience, and choosing the right content formats for your business. Remember to track your performance and adjust your strategy based on data-driven insights.
Content marketing is a long-term investment that can yield significant benefits for your e-commerce business. By consistently providing valuable content, you can build a loyal audience, increase conversions, and achieve sustainable growth. Start leveraging the power of content marketing today and watch your e-commerce business thrive.
Comments
1 Comment
[…] to achieve substantial growth. For more on how content marketing can drive success, check out The Power of Content Marketing for E-Commerce Growth. This article further explores the impact of well-strategized content marketing on business growth […]
Comments for this post are closed.